When building a house, the question arises of the arrangement of the floor in the basement. This type of do-it-yourself work has its own characteristics, so before you make concrete floors on the ground yourself in a private house, you need to study some of the features of the activities and the technology for performing the work.
Application area
Basement flooring is limited by several factors, such as:
- foundation (its type);
- ground water level;
- purpose of the room.
Most often, basements have buildings built on supports such as tape and slab, but when using a monolithic slab, it serves as an overlap and no ground flooring is required. The pie is made as for interfloor overlapping with the only difference being that they pay attention to the purpose of the room and, based on this, take measures to insulate the structure. Flooring on the ground is made with a concrete concrete foundation.
The groundwater level is essential. If it is high enough, there is a chance of flooding the premises (especially in the spring), so it is better to refuse to equip the exploited areas in the basement.
The floor cake depends on the purpose of the basement floor.
If it is unheated, it is enough to leave a draft version - compacted sand. When changing the destination, you can always make a full-fledged floor (floor) pie. If it is planned to install a basement or a heated basement in a private house with a strip foundation, another design will be needed that can prevent heat leakage into the ground. To do this, they arrange a full-fledged concrete floor cake with insulation.
From this we can conclude that the need for technology arises when the following conditions are met:
- strip foundation;
- low water table;
- heated and operated volume of the basement, basement or first floor in the absence of the first two.
The installation of floors on the ground for the first floor is required in the absence of a felling and, accordingly, a basement floor, which in a normal situation serves as a floor. Also, the issue is relevant for outbuildings and garages.
Technology and Instruction
The technology for manufacturing a concrete floor slab in the basement can be divided into several stages:
- preparatory activities;
- warming;
- rough floor (cement screed).
This can be limited. If the earth serves instead of the basement, and it is planned to arrange the floor of the first floor, wooden floors spread along the ground. To do this, all the above activities are carried out, and the next stage is wood flooring.
Preparatory stage
It is designed to prepare the ground for the fact that it is covered by an insulated screed. In this case, do-it-yourself work is performed in the following order:
- Markup. Determine the floor mark of the basement or first floor. This mark will be the top of the floor structure. That is exactly the surface on which they will walk. The vertical reference point will be the entrance threshold in a private house or basement. From this mark, the previously thought-out thickness of the concrete slab layers is subtracted. After that, two marks are made on the strip foundation around the entire perimeter: the bottom and top of the floor. Marking can be done with a level (laser level), this will significantly increase accuracy and speed up the process.
- Preparation of the basis for further work. The basis for the slab of concrete floor in the basement will serve as compacted soil. It is compacted by vibration or using various weights. For the first you need a vibrating platform.The second option involves the presence of a massive device with a wide bottom surface (for example, a log with a board nailed to it).
- Training. Preparation for a concrete slab with a strip foundation is a filling over the entire area of the basement. Materials such as gravel or sand can be used to make it. It is important to note that sand for the foundation should be taken in large or medium fractions, the use of fine is unacceptable. The thickness of the backfill is on average 30-50 cm, depending on the heaving of the base soil. The function of the cushion is drainage and uniform load transfer to the underlying layers. Laying is performed in layers with a seal. Compaction methods are the same as in the previous paragraph. For sand, you can also use a spill with water. The surface of the cushion for the slab of concrete is leveled and proceed to the next step.
- A very important part of work with a strip foundation is the device of reliable waterproofing. As a material, ordinary high-density polyethylene film or more modern waterproofing membranes are used. The screed is poured after the waterproofing film is spread out over the entire floor area in the basement with an overlap on the walls above the level of the clean floor mark. All joints of the material are overlapped and glued with tape. For membranes, manufacturers produce special connecting tapes.
After that, the foundation is prepared to carry out further stages of work.
Warming
An important point in a heated basement or ground floor cake. To do the work yourself, you will need to choose the type of insulation and its thickness. It is important that the insulation of the board has high strength and rigidity and does not crumple under the influence of the load. Otherwise, the cement screed over it will crack and the surface of the slab of the whole floor cake will become uneven.
Thermal insulation device is possible using the following materials:
- expanded clay gravel (the required thickness depends on the climatic region, on average 30-50 cm, has low thermal insulation properties);
- polystyrene (thickness of about 100 mm, a particularly strong reinforced screed will be required on the foam, because it does not differ in high strength);
- extruded polystyrene foam (polystyrene foam, the thickness as in polystyrene foam is 100 mm, has increased strength and moisture resistance).
Important! Mineral wool screed is not recommended. This is due to the high cremability of the material and its instability to water (high water absorption). It can only be used when laying between lags.
To increase the waterproofing characteristics and evenness of the base, it is strongly recommended that before laying the insulation (under the waterproofing film) a layer of a “skinny” loaf (grade B7.5) be poured. Reinforcement is not performed. The thickness of the concrete footing is 6-10 cm.
Rough floor
As a coating in a private house will serve as a cement-sand screed. It is performed on top of the insulating material.
To increase the strength characteristics of the plate, reinforcement is performed. As materials for reinforcing work, a grid of their rods with a diameter of 3-4 mm with a mesh size of 100 mm is suitable. Both steel and plastic reinforcement can be used, but with the possibility of high loads, preference is given to proven steel.
Filling the floor involves laying the grid directly on the insulation or on the supports, it all depends on the thickness of the concrete layer. With a significant thickness of the plate, it is recommended to place the grids on the supports.
The rough layer is poured from concrete of a higher grade in strength than preparation for insulation. A high grade for floors in a residential building is not required, concrete B20 can be used to ensure particularly strong. But on average, B15 is enough.A screed is required with a thickness of at least 5 centimeters, but it all depends on the characteristics of the soil. If the foundation is installed on heavily poured substrates with poor performance, the screed thickens.
To ensure the evenness of the fill, special beacons are used. They are aligned according to the level of the floor mark (the upper one on the foundation, made during the preparatory phase).
Completion of work
When making floors on the ground in a residential building, it is important to remember the time of solidification of the concrete mixture. Cement-sand mortar gains full strength within 4 weeks (can change with strong changes in humidity and temperature). After pouring, they wait for the solidification time and proceed with the installation of a clean floor (floor covering). If the foundation limits the room that will be used for household needs, then a clean floor can not be done.